The fundamentals behind representational drawing and painting, taught as the learnable knowledge they are — through name-the-principle, spot-the-error, and best-choice scenarios with one defensible answer, never a grade of your finished art. Line and mark-making, proportion and measuring by sight, perspective (one-, two-, and three-point, the horizon as eye level, foreshortening), constructing form from simple solids, value and light (the highlight, halftone, core shadow, reflected light, and cast shadow that describe a form) and why value reads before color, rendering and the power of edges, composition (the focal point, the rule of thirds, notan, negative space, and the tangents to avoid), color theory (hue, value, and chroma; the wheel; complements; warm and cool), color mixing (why colors go muddy, how to mix a rich dark without reaching for black, the limited palette), anatomy and gesture for the figure, the drawing mediums (graphite grades, charcoal, ink) and painting mediums (watercolor’s transparency, acrylic’s fast dry, oil’s fat-over-lean), painting technique (glazing, scumbling, impasto), the common beginner errors and myths (symbol drawing, using black for every shadow, and the myth that drawing is an innate talent), and learning to SEE — drawing what is actually in front of you, not what you think you know. Every explanation names the principle, the tempting mistake, and a rule you can use. One consolidated skill: drawing, painting, and the theory a maker uses. Distinct from Graphic Design (digital layout and type), Art History (movements and masters), and Photography (the camera): this is about making an image by hand. Educational skill practice in visual-art fundamentals — a test of knowledge and judgment, not of your finished artwork, and never an intelligence claim.